The causes of borrowing foreign words have been studied by many linguists in the early twentieth century, However, the identification of the causes of the borrowing was carried out without a sufficiently clear differentiation of language and external, non-linguistic, reasons. So, in the work of L. P. Krysina States that E. Richter the main reason for borrowing words considers the need to name things and concepts. Lists and other causes, different in nature – linguistic, proofreading, social, mental, aesthetic, etc., the need for new language forms, the need for compartmentalization of concepts in variety of media and in their completeness, brevity and clarity, convenience, etc. the process of linguistic borrowing was considered by him to be inseparable from cultural and other contacts between two different societies and language as part and result of such contact.
After Rat L. P. M. A. Breiter identifies the following reasons for borrowing and proofreading:
1. The lack of the corresponding concept in the cognitive basis of language-receptor. In the vocabulary of a business person 90 years, firmly established English words such as badge, the classifier, the laptop and its new varieties: audiobook and PowerBook; organizer, pager and Tager, holster, timer, beeper, scrambler, intercom, shredder, overhead, plotter, scanner, tuner, toner, pack, and others.
He pointed to the cases when borrowing was used to Express the concepts that are new to the receptor language and not available in the source. Since it does not correspond to the first reason, we will add: in the language-receptor feel the need to define “actively pulsating” phenomenon; in your language is not the exact word, but in another language (in our case English) there are two units that, when connected (on Russian soil) suitable for the name. That is, here we have not so much borrowing, how much the formation of new Russian words of non-Russian elements. The author cites the example of “anglicism” shopping tour understandable for the native speakers of Russian, but has no equivalent in English, thus, it is not in the full sense of the anglicism. Here you can talk about separate borrowing two elements and merge them into a complex name in the language-receptor. This model of productive word in the English language and meets the word-formation potentialities in the Russian language. Updating the specified derivational models are in composite auto tour. The practice of traveling abroad for the purchase of a car in the West is not, therefore, the word was formed on Russian soil. Composite shopping tour is contained in 2281 document 738 on the Internet sites, which testifies to the particular of its popularity in the late 90-ies. The variability of his writing (shopping tour, shopping tour, shoptur) does not always indicate the first stage of assimilation of the elements of this composite, since such variability may be the result of ignorance of the originator of the document on the Internet: the Russian travel Agency “Marktrail” offers fur-tours in Vilnius, replacing the anglicism shop in the Russian equivalent of coats. In this case we have paronomasia: Russians like this I want to buy coats. In print, we came across the composite Lough tour (Loch klutz): “those who want to go to Loch tour, donate money!” (MK.2000.01.24).
2. The absence (will add more precise) names (or “lose” in competition with borrowing) in the language-receptor.
The reason for borrowing often determines the function of the anglicism.
In the case of coexistence of borrowing and the original or previously mastered the naming function of anglicisms is the designation of Western realities or stylistic marking of text, but Russian equivalents are used to describe Russian reality: “the Prince of darkness” is pure horror, “Viy” is the first Russian horror movie, etc.
3. Ensuring stylistic (emphatic) effect. For example, a review of the book “the Worlds of Paul Anderson” was entitled “Pharmacy. Street. The lantern”. The expression of the title associated with intertextually (an allusion to Alexander Blok’s line “Night. Street. Lantern. Pharmacy”…). Emphatic function may be due to omogenia connecting interlingual meanings (CP. VINAP – UP WIN). The effect of this factor is infrequent and is designed for a high degree of linguistic competence of speakers.
4. The expression of positive or negative connotations, which does not have the equivalent unit in the language-receptor. The author indicates that among native speakers of the Russian language is widespread perception that foreign technology is more advanced compared to Russian, foreign banks are more reliable, foreign goods are of higher quality. This installation, according to the author, is widely used in advertising, where borrowing is used for the purpose of actualization of positive connotations. For example, company auto-rental instead of the “car of cars”, the best pub instead of beer, etc.
It should be noted that in the late 90-ies of the excessive use of anglicisms in advertising and in the media is clearly causing a negative reaction among the majority Russian-speaking population, so creating positive connotations with the help of anglicisms – a controversial issue at present.
Turning to the list of reasons for borrowing, proposed by L. P. Rat, we saw that our above clarification was confirmed. L. P. Krysin stresses the use of foreign language vocabulary and, with it, social moments:
1. The need to name new things, new phenomena, etc.
2. The need to distinguish between the substantial close, but still different concepts.
3. The need for specialization of concepts in a particular field, for a variety of purposes.
4. Trend, namely that the entire, not dissected into individual components of the object and label should be “whole”, presciliano and not a combination of words.
The current English language-based terminology of computer technology easily updated with new terms of English origin. Words website, banner, browser, and others are used in the speech of people dealing with computers, which is becoming every year more and more. Consequently, these anglicisms from the purely professional sphere become the usage of many Russian people.
A similar process can be observed in sports terminology, as well as in non-codified language the subsystems of language, such as slang of drug addicts, prostitutes, hippies, musicians, and others, dominated the English words or calques from English words.
The tendency of establishing the correspondence between the indivisibility of object and odnoimennomu, odnolistnosti is observed in the case when the filling of empty cells, which corresponds to a certain meaning, but meaning – in the form of a single word is missing (instead used descriptive turnover) [3, p. 59]. As mentioned above, the reason for borrowing is closely related to the first reason, and almost always they should be viewed together, although the second reason can be called a narrow, more specific: the speaker saves the effort of speech, language involves filling out some cells the nomination.
For example, the word timeshare, denoting the reality of the West, is actively used by Russian tourist firms involved in international tourism: “to Buy a timeshare is to enter into a agreement in which you buy the right to own property within a certain amount of time in a year” (SIC. 1999.19.06.). Anglicism in this case and nominates a new concept, and simultaneously replaces a cumbersome descriptive Russian revolution.
Anglicisms Zapper (zapper – man, endlessly switching the channels on the TV) and zapping (switching process) are also intended to replace the Russian narrative momentum. Not to say that these tokens mastered the Russian language due to the novelty of the concept, but the potential degree of their development is quite high: “the Zapping or channel switching is a period of intense encounters with television” (the Rambler. 2000.05.23).
Anglicism quiz replaces the descriptive turn “a radio or television game in questions and answers on different topics with prizes”. “Daily updated “news”, there are quizzes for fans of the quizzes, login to the game for the players, made bad trips” (Russian magazine. 2000.17.04.).
Descriptive turnover is a solution of the antinomy “speaker – listener” in favor of the latter, and its replacement with one word – in favor of the speaker [2, p. 34].
Among socio-psychological factors influencing the borrowing process is the increasing amount of speaking and knowledge of English language in Russia. A large flow of people leaving the country, a long time living in English-speaking countries and returning back causes frequent switching into English, the so-called “switching code” (“code-switching”). For example, “He asks me: “May I help you?” Have to respond: “Just looking around” (from the speech of two immigrants)” In this case the speaker is not just using Americanisms in speech, it goes from one language to another. The impact of emigration on the process of borrowing not so high degree as a broad knowledge of the English language, it is essential for the process of borrowing.
Many linguists point to the prestige of English words in some situations compared to the Russians. L. P. Krysin calls this phenomenon “the grade”: the word in language-the source refers to an ordinary object, in the borrowing language belongs to the object, in some sense more significant, more prestigious, etc, according to L. P. Krysina, in English, the name of the shop (shop shop) not applicable to every store, but only to that which sells prestigious products. [3, p. 61]. This judgment is controversial, as in the late 90-ies this anglicism is called common shops, it is especially accepted among young people: “These two does not in shop for vodka went!”
In addition, in the Russian language of the end of the century English composites operate mini-shops, coffeeshops, sex shops, print shops (print salons) calling the shops selling ordinary goods.
The expressiveness of novelty is one of the persistent reasons for borrowing anglicisms as more prestigious, significant, expressive [5, p. 152]. Anglicisms have in front of Russian synonyms the advantage that a speaker’s certificate in social terms in some areas more highly, stress awareness, and claim the superiority of a certain group of young people that use this vocabulary.
A powerful impetus for the development of the process of borrowing English vocabulary is its use in speech influential personalities during popular programs. So, speaking for the game of KVN of the first season of 1999, the head of ORT used the word drive (“Long ago there was no such drive”) to mean “fuse”, “power”. Then purely musical term has become widely used among students. Perhaps this was influenced by his Russian case form. “Come on, no drive!” In the “OSP-Studio” from October 23, 1999 moderator welcomed the audience: “Hello, bums and treskavica!” (from the English. trash – trash, garbage). Immediately the word was picked up by young native speakers of Russian.
Among social causes of the occurrence of anglicisms in Russian language we, following L. P. Rat, believe that “the communicative relevance of the concept” and the corresponding words [3, p. 61]. If the concept addresses an important sphere of human activity, the word denoting this concept, naturally, becomes common, it readily forms derivatives on Russian soil, is the object of conscious consumption and related obygryvanii and puns. Over time, the relevance of words can be lost and Vice versa, a word borrowed in the beginning of the century, may reach the peak of its usage in the end of the century.
So, the external reasons for borrowing anglicisms “gathered” from internal (e.g., the communicative relevance of Anglo-Americanism) through socio-psychological, it is especially noticeable in the shift of antinomies “talking / listening” in favor of the first in a pronounced tendency to replace Russian turnover descriptive one (English) word: trafficking (transport and trafficking), the tagger (the person making the graffiti spray), Zapper (man, constantly switching the channels on the TV). Significantly increased the number of Russian-speaking people who know English. Often in spoken English the situation is more prestigious than Russian, the expression of its attractive novelty, it can accentuate high level information of the speaker. The use of anglicism in the speech of an authoritative person (or in advertising) may become a push for assimilation in the Russian language.